| Endocrine Gland |
| Hormone |
| Selected Physiological Actions |
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| Anterior Pituitary Gland |
| Growth Hormone |
| Stimulates insulinlike growth factor 1, protein synthesis, growth, and metabolism |
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| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone |
| Stimulates glucocorticoids in teh adrenal cortes |
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| Beta-endorphin |
| Stimulates analgesia |
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| Thyroid-stimulating hormone |
| Stimulates thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion |
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| Follicle-stimulating hormone |
| Stimulates growth of follicles in ovary and semi-niferous tubules in testes; stimulates ovum and spern production |
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| Luteinizing hormone |
| Stimulates ovulation and secretion of sex hormones in ovaries and testes |
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| Prolactin |
| Stimulates milk production in mammary glands; maintains corpora lutea and secretion of progesterone |
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| Melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
| Stimulates melanocytes, which containg the dark pigment melanin |
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| Posterior Pituitary Gland |
| Antidiuretic Hormone |
| Increases contraction of smooth muscle and reabsorption of water by kidneys |
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| Oxytocin |
| Stimulates uterine contractions and release of milk by mammary glands |
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| Thyroid Gland |
| Thyroxine |
| Stimulates oxidative metabolism in mitochondria and cell growth |
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| Calcitonin |
| Reduces calcium phosphate levels in blood |
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| Parathyroid Glands |
| Parathyroid Hormone |
| Increases blood calcium, decreases blood phosphate; stimulates bone formation |
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| Pancreas |
| Insulin |
| Stores glycogen and promotes glucose entry into cells; involved inprotein synthesis |
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| Glucagon |
| Increases blood glucose levels |
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| Adrenal Cortex |
| Clucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone, etc.) |
| Inhibits amino acid incorporation into proteins; stimulates conversion of proteins into carbohydrates; maintains normal blood sugar level; conserves glucose; promotes use of fat |
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| Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone, etc.) |
| Sodium-potassium metabolism increases body fluids |
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| Liver |
| Insulin-like growth factors |
| Increases protein synthesis in cells |
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| Adrenal Medulla |
| Epinephrine |
| Increases cardiac output; increases blood sugar and glycogen breakdown and fat metablization |
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| Norepinephrine |
| Has properties of epinephrine; also consticts blood vessels |
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| Proenkephalin fragments (peptide F) |
| Enhances immune cell function, analgesia effects |
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| Ovaries |
| Estrogens |
| Stimulates development of female sex characteristics |
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| Progesterone |
| Stimulates development of female sex characteristics and mammary glands; maintains pregnancy |
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| Testes |
| Testosterone |
| Stimulates growth, increses protein anabolism, and development and maintenance of male sex characteristics |
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| Heart (atrium) |
| Atrial peptide |
| Regulates sodium, potassium, and fluid volume |
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| Kidney |
| Renin |
| Regulates kidney function, permeability, solute |
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